PRINCIPLE OF EQUALISING BACKSIGHT AND FORESIGHT
DISTANCES
In levelling, the line of collimation should
be horizontal when the staff readings are taken. Again the fundamental relation
is that the line of collimation should be exactly parallel to the axis of the
bubble. So, when the bubble is at the centre of its run, the line of
collimation is just horizontal. But sometimes the permanent adjustment of level
may be disturbed and the line of collimation may not be parallel to the axis of
the bubble. In such case, due to the inclination of the line of collimation,
cross in levelling are lickly to occur. But it is found that if the backsight
and foresight distances are kept equal, then the error due to the inclination
of the collimation line is automatically eliminated.
Case I – When
the line of collimation inclined upwards Let A and
B be two points whose true difference of level is required. The level is set up
at O, exactly midway between A and B (Fig.
– L.16).
Let θ =
angle of inclination of collimation line.
Aa = true reading
Aa₁ = observed staff reading on A
Error =
Aa₁ - Aa = aa₁ = D tanθ
So true
reading Aa = Aa₁ - aa₁ = Aa₁ - D tanθ
………..(1)
Similarly,
Bb = true reading
Bb₁ =
observed staff reading on B
Error =
Bb₁ - Bb = bb₁ = D tanθ
So true
reading Bb = Bb₁ - bb₁ = Bb₁ - D tanθ
………….(2)
From
(1) and (2),
True
difference of level between A and B = Aa – Bb
= Aa₁ - D tanθ - Bb₁ + D tanθ
= Aa₁ - Bb₁
Thus,
this is seen that the error due to inclination of the collimation line is
completely eliminated and the apparent difference is equal to the true
difference.
Case II – When
the line of collimation inclined downwards The staff readings on A and B are taken after setting the level at O.
Suppose the readings are a₂ and b₂ (Fig.
– L.17).
Here, Aa = true staff reading
Aa₂ = observed staff reading on A
Error =
Aa - Aa₂ = aa₂ = D tanθ
So true
reading Aa = Aa₂ + aa₂ = Aa₂ + D tanθ
………..(1)
Similarly,
Bb = true reading
Bb₂ =
observed staff reading on B
Error =
Bb - Bb₂ = bb₂ = D tanθ
So true
reading Bb = Bb₂ + bb₂ = Bb₂ + D tanθ
………….(2)
From
(1) and (2),
True
difference of level between A and B = Aa – Bb
=
Aa₂ + D tanθ - Bb₂ - D tanθ
=
Aa₂ - Bb₂
Thus,
this is seen that the error due to inclination of the collimation line is
completely eliminated and the apparent difference is equal to the true
difference.
So, always remember that the level should be
placed exactly midway between backsight and foresight in order to eliminate any
error.
CORRECTION TO BE APPLIED
(1). Curvature
correction: For long sights, the curvature of the earth effect staff
readings. The line of sight is horizontal, but the level line is curved and
parallel to the mean spheroidal surface of the earth (Fig. – L.18).
The vertical distance between the line of
sight and level line at a particular place is called the curvature correction.
Due to curvature, objects appear lower than they really are.
Curvature correction always subtractive (i.e.
negative)
Let AB = D = horizontal distance in kilometers.
BD = Cc = curvature correction
DC = AC = R = radius of earth
DD’ = diameter, considered as 12742 km
From
right angle triangle ABC (Fig. – L.19).
BC² = AC² +
AB²
(R + Cc) ² = R² + D²
or R² + 2RCc + Cc² = R² + D²
or 2R X Cc = D² (Cc² is neglected as it is very small
in comparison to the
diameter
of the earth)
Curvature
correction Cc = D²/2R
Cc = (D² x 1000)/12742 = 0.0785D² m (negative)
Hence, True staff reading = observed staff reading
– curvature correction.
(2). Refraction
correction: Rays of light are refracted when they pass through layers
of air of varying density. So, when long sights are taken, the line of sight
refracted towards the surface of the earth in a curved path. The radius of this
curve seven times that of the earth under normal atmospheric conditions. Due to
the effect of refraction, objects appear higher than they really are. But the
effect of curvature varies with the atmospheric conditions.
However,
on an average, the refraction correction is taken one-seventh of the curvature
correction.
Cr = 1/7 x D²/2R
Refraction
correction, Cr = 1/7 x 0.0785D² = 0.0112D² m (positive)
Refraction correction is always
additive (i.e. positive)
True
reading = observed staff reading + refraction correction
(3). Combined
correction: The combined effect of curvature and refraction is as
follows:
Combined
correction = curvature correction + refraction correction
= -0.0785D² + 0.0112D²
= -0.0673D² m
So,
combined correction always subtractive (i.e. negative)
True
reading = observed staff reading - combined correction
Combined
correction may also be expressed as
D²/2R – 1/7 x D²/2R = 6/7 x D²/2R (negative)
(4). Visible
horizon distance
Let AB = D = visible horizon distance in
kilometers (Fig. – L.20).
Considering
curvature and refraction corrections,
h = 0.0673D²
D = √(h/0.0673)
(5). Dip
of horizon
AB = D
= tangent of earth at A
BD =
horizontal line perpendicular to OB
θ = dip
of horizon
The
angle between the horizontal line and the tangent line is known as the dip of
the horizon. It is equal to the subtended by the arc AC at the centre of the
earth (Fig. – L.21).
Dip θ = arc AC/radius of earth in radians
θ =
D/R, in radians (Taking AC approx, equal to AB)
Hear, D
and R must be expressed in the same unit.
(6). Sensitiveness
of the bubble: The term sensitiveness in the context of a bubble means
the effect caused by the deviation of the bubble per division of the graduation
of the bubble tube.
Sensitiveness is expressed in term of the
radius of the curvature of the upper surface of the tube or by an angle through
which the axis is tilted for the deflection of one division of the graduation.
Determining
sensitiveness: consider Fig.
L.22. Suppose the level was set up at O at a distance D from the staff at
P. The staff reading is taken with the bubble at extreme right end (i.e. at E).
Say it is PA. Another staff reading taken with the bubble at the extreme left
end (i.e. at E₁). Let it is be PB
Let, D = distance between level and staff
S = intercept between the upper and
lower sights,
n = number of divisions through the
bubble is reflected,
R = radius of curvature of the tube,
θ = angle subtended by arc EE₁, and
d = length of the division of the
graduation, expressed in the same unit
as D and S.
Movement
of centre of bubble = EE₁ = nd
Triangle
OEE₁ and ACB are similar.
Here, Rθ = arc EE₁
or θ = EE₁/R = nd/R …….(1)
(as arc EE₁ = chord EE₁)
Again EE₁/R = S/D (height of triangle OEE₁ may be considered
as R)
or nd/R = S/D ……………. (2)
From
(1) and (2),
θ = nd/R = S/D …………(3)
Therefore, R = (nd x D)/S
Let θ’ = angular value for one
division in radians
θ’ = θ/n = S/D x 1/n
radians
θ’ = S/(D x n) x 206265
secs. (1 radian = 206265 secs.)
(Next post
on “RECIPROCAL LEVELLING”)
Very good post.
ReplyDeleteAll the ways that you suggested for find a new post was very good.
will help you more:
Survey rules
nice
ReplyDeleteLevelling chapter notes give me
ReplyDeleteTula's International School is the best Dehradun boarding schools for girls & boys. It is one of the top schools in Dehradun.The school is affiliated to CBSE which offers holistic education to students.
ReplyDeleteTula's International School Best Boarding School in India
Tula's International School Dehradun Boarding School Fee structure
Tula's International School Top Girls Boarding School India
Tula's International School Best Boarding School Dehradun
Tula's International School Boarding Schools in Dehradun
Tula's International School Best Boarding School in Dehradun
Tula's International School Top Boarding Schools in Dehradun
Tula's Institute Best BCA College in Dehradun
Tula's Institute Best MCA College in Dehradun
Tula's Institute Best Boarding School In India
You have good articles here! If anyone here looking for loan @ 2% rate in return to buy home or other financing needs, I want you to contact Mr Benjamin On 247officedept@gmail.com Also On Whats-App + 1-989-394-3740When I was introduced to Mr. Benjamin, I was entering the market as a first time buyer. Naturally,my needs were a bit different and I had loads of questions. Before he sent me my pre-approval letter, he called to speak with me about what it meant and what could change. He made himself available to me at pretty much any hour via email and texts. He was very responsive and knowledgeable. He’s also very straightforward. I explained to him what my expectations were in terms of closing time and other particulars. He said he would meet those expectations but he surpassed them. I closed so quickly my realtor and the seller of course were excited about that. But as a buyer I appreciated being walked through the process of Mr Benjamin loan offer. From pre-approval to closing- the journey was so seamless and I consider myself lucky because I’ve heard horror stories. I recommend him to anyone looking for a loan. Everything was handled electronically expediently and securely
ReplyDeleteMost important surveying questions
ReplyDeletesurveying and levelling questions | Exam test
Thanks for sharing this post and visit my articles Jawline Contouring in Islamabad
ReplyDeleteThe business will provide you vouchers redeemable for free doughnuts at Dunkin' in return for your time and comments.
ReplyDeletevisit here Telldunkin Survey
So if you've visited a Red Lobster, and the state's ruling class is pleased with or unhappy with the assistance decided by Red Lobster,
ReplyDeletevisit here Redlobstersurvey Survey
Furthermore, offers you a gradual method to win a certificate for a Buy One Get One Free grinder.
ReplyDeletevisit here Myhoneybakedfeedback Survey
McDVOICE You must first visit the restaurant's official website, mcdvoice.com, in order to do the survey; after that, click the start button. Visit Here McDVOICE Survey
ReplyDeleteHomedepot.com/Survey One participant will get a $5,000 gift card as part of the programme. Please ensure that the form is completed. Visit here Homedepot.com/Survey
ReplyDeleteNetspend.com/activate The customer service representative needs your credit card number, password, and any other sensitive information. Visit here Netspend.com/activate
ReplyDeleteTellthebell.com Taco Bell is one of the most popular restaurants in the world and is loved by many people. Visit here Tellthebell.com Survey
ReplyDeleteHome Depot Survey If you are a consistent customer of Home Depot, you might think about submitting feedback. Visit here Home Depot Survey
ReplyDeleteHome Depot Survey Giving an open and sincere reaction would help the store resolve its business-related store issues. Visit here Home Depot Survey
ReplyDeleteJacklistens As a result of the development of new technology, this company has switched over to using electronic document management systems. Click Here Jacklistens Survey
ReplyDeleteFor their visitors to provide feedback on management and merchandise, KFC prepared a survey. You can tell them about your meal experience at KFC Survey India if you have a valid purchase receipt from KFC in India.
ReplyDeleteVisit Here Mykfcexperience survey
Jacklistens So they made a JackListens poll to gauge people's reactions to the journey thus far. Visit here Jacklistens Survey
ReplyDeleteJacklistens Jack in the Box is committed to creating enduring connections with its clients. Visit here Jacklistens Survey
ReplyDeleteIt began in North Corbin in the year 1930. Fried chicken, chicken grinders, soft drinks, hamburgers, sandwiches with chicken, milkshakes, salads, and cookies, as well as the fabled KFC menu items, are available to customers.
ReplyDeleteVisit here MyKFCExperience Survey
Online Entry: You must have a Walgreens purchase receipt with a survey invitation to enter online. The Walgreens customer survey must be finished within nine days of the purchase date.
ReplyDeleteWalgreensListens
Before making a purchase, customers must activate their. You must validate the data on the front of your SYW card in order to activate the card. Activate.SYW.AccountOnline.com
ReplyDeleteHow to activate your new Capital One credit card is covered in this article. www.walmart.capitalone.com/activate
ReplyDeleteThe survey revealed the presence of abandoned towns and structures that evoke a
ReplyDeletehttps://longhornsurvey.shop/
You'll be entered into monthly prize draws with thrilling rewards after completing MyConverseVisit; expect discounts, exclusive offers, and even gift cards! Visit here MyConverseVisit Survey
ReplyDeleteOne of the biggest and most well-known chains of movie theatres in the United States, Regal Cinemas is renowned for producing remarkable big-screen experiences. Visit here TalkToRegal.com Survey
ReplyDelete