Sunday, 4 November 2018

PRINCIPLE OF EQUALISING BACKSIGHT AND FORESIGHT DISTANCES


PRINCIPLE OF EQUALISING BACKSIGHT AND FORESIGHT DISTANCES

   In levelling, the line of collimation should be horizontal when the staff readings are taken. Again the fundamental relation is that the line of collimation should be exactly parallel to the axis of the bubble. So, when the bubble is at the centre of its run, the line of collimation is just horizontal. But sometimes the permanent adjustment of level may be disturbed and the line of collimation may not be parallel to the axis of the bubble. In such case, due to the inclination of the line of collimation, cross in levelling are lickly to occur. But it is found that if the backsight and foresight distances are kept equal, then the error due to the inclination of the collimation line is automatically eliminated.



Case I – When the line of collimation inclined upwards Let A and B be two points whose true difference of level is required. The level is set up at O, exactly midway between A and B (Fig. – L.16).



Let θ = angle of inclination of collimation line.
   Aa = true reading
  Aa₁ = observed staff reading on A
Error = Aa₁ - Aa = aa₁ = D tanθ
So true reading Aa = Aa₁ - aa₁ = Aa₁ - D tanθ     ………..(1)

Similarly, Bb = true reading
Bb₁ = observed staff reading on B
Error = Bb₁ - Bb = bb₁ = D tanθ
So true reading Bb = Bb₁ - bb₁ = Bb₁ - D tanθ    ………….(2)

From (1) and (2),
True difference of level between A and B = Aa – Bb
                                               = Aa₁ - D tanθ - Bb₁ + D tanθ
                                               = Aa₁ - Bb₁

Thus, this is seen that the error due to inclination of the collimation line is completely eliminated and the apparent difference is equal to the true difference.

Case II – When the line of collimation inclined downwards The staff readings on A and B are taken after setting the level at O. Suppose the readings are a₂ and b₂ (Fig. – L.17).





Here,   Aa = true staff reading
  Aa₂ = observed staff reading on A
Error = Aa - Aa₂ = aa₂ = D tanθ
So true reading Aa = Aa₂ + aa₂ = Aa₂ + D tanθ     ………..(1)

Similarly, Bb = true reading
Bb₂ = observed staff reading on B
Error = Bb - Bb₂ = bb₂ = D tanθ
So true reading Bb = Bb₂ + bb₂ = Bb₂ + D tanθ    ………….(2)

From (1) and (2),
True difference of level between A and B = Aa – Bb
                                                     = Aa₂ + D tanθ - Bb₂ - D tanθ
                                                     = Aa₂ - Bb₂

Thus, this is seen that the error due to inclination of the collimation line is completely eliminated and the apparent difference is equal to the true difference.

So, always remember that the level should be placed exactly midway between backsight and foresight in order to eliminate any error.

CORRECTION TO BE APPLIED

(1). Curvature correction: For long sights, the curvature of the earth effect staff readings. The line of sight is horizontal, but the level line is curved and parallel to the mean spheroidal surface of the earth (Fig. – L.18).   



   The vertical distance between the line of sight and level line at a particular place is called the curvature correction. Due to curvature, objects appear lower than they really are.

Curvature correction always subtractive (i.e. negative) 
Let   AB = D = horizontal distance in kilometers.
       BD = Cc = curvature correction
       DC = AC = R = radius of earth
       DD’ = diameter, considered as 12742 km

From right angle triangle ABC (Fig. – L.19).

  
     BC² = AC² + AB²
     (R + Cc) ² = R² + D²
or  R² + 2RCc + Cc² = R² + D²
or  2R X Cc = D²     (Cc² is neglected as it is very small in comparison to the
                                 diameter of the earth)

Curvature correction   Cc = D²/2R

Cc = (D² x 1000)/12742 = 0.0785D² m   (negative)

Hence,   True staff reading = observed staff reading – curvature correction.
(2). Refraction correction: Rays of light are refracted when they pass through layers of air of varying density. So, when long sights are taken, the line of sight refracted towards the surface of the earth in a curved path. The radius of this curve seven times that of the earth under normal atmospheric conditions. Due to the effect of refraction, objects appear higher than they really are. But the effect of curvature varies with the atmospheric conditions.

However, on an average, the refraction correction is taken one-seventh of the curvature correction.

               Cr = 1/7 x D²/2R
Refraction correction, Cr = 1/7 x 0.0785D² = 0.0112D² m (positive)

Refraction correction is always additive (i.e. positive)

True reading = observed staff reading + refraction correction

(3). Combined correction: The combined effect of curvature and refraction is as follows:

Combined correction = curvature correction + refraction correction
                               = -0.0785D² + 0.0112D²
                               = -0.0673D² m

So, combined correction always subtractive (i.e. negative)

True reading = observed staff reading - combined correction

Combined correction may also be expressed as

                          D²/2R – 1/7 x D²/2R = 6/7 x D²/2R   (negative)


(4). Visible horizon distance

Let    AB = D = visible horizon distance in kilometers (Fig. – L.20).


Considering curvature and refraction corrections,

                       h = 0.0673D²

                       D = √(h/0.0673)
(5). Dip of horizon

AB = D = tangent of earth at A
BD = horizontal line perpendicular to OB
θ = dip of horizon

The angle between the horizontal line and the tangent line is known as the dip of the horizon. It is equal to the subtended by the arc AC at the centre of the earth (Fig. – L.21).



Dip θ = arc AC/radius of earth     in radians

θ = D/R, in radians  (Taking AC approx, equal to AB)
 
Hear, D and R must be expressed in the same unit.


(6). Sensitiveness of the bubble: The term sensitiveness in the context of a bubble means the effect caused by the deviation of the bubble per division of the graduation of the bubble tube.
   Sensitiveness is expressed in term of the radius of the curvature of the upper surface of the tube or by an angle through which the axis is tilted for the deflection of one division of the graduation.

Determining sensitiveness: consider Fig. L.22. Suppose the level was set up at O at a distance D from the staff at P. The staff reading is taken with the bubble at extreme right end (i.e. at E). Say it is PA. Another staff reading taken with the bubble at the extreme left end (i.e. at E₁). Let it is be PB  



Let,   D = distance between level and staff
        S = intercept between the upper and lower sights,
        n = number of divisions through the bubble is reflected,
        R = radius of curvature of the tube,
        θ = angle subtended by arc EE₁, and
        d = length of the division of the graduation, expressed in the same unit
              as D and S.

Movement of centre of bubble = EE₁ = nd
Triangle OEE₁ and ACB are similar.

Here,           Rθ = arc EE₁

or                θ = EE₁/R = nd/R   …….(1)   (as arc EE₁ = chord EE₁)

Again           EE₁/R = S/D   (height of triangle OEE₁ may be considered as R)

or                 nd/R = S/D      ……………. (2)

From (1) and (2),    

                   θ = nd/R = S/D   …………(3)

Therefore,      R = (nd x D)/S

Let                θ’ = angular value for one division in radians

                     θ’ = θ/n = S/D x 1/n radians
                    
                     θ’ = S/(D x n) x 206265 secs. (1 radian = 206265 secs.)


(Next post on “RECIPROCAL LEVELLING”)




27 comments:

  1. Very good post.
    All the ways that you suggested for find a new post was very good.
    will help you more:
    Survey rules

    ReplyDelete
  2. Levelling chapter notes give me

    ReplyDelete
  3. Tula's International School is the best Dehradun boarding schools for girls & boys. It is one of the top schools in Dehradun.The school is affiliated to CBSE which offers holistic education to students.

    Tula's International School Best Boarding School in India


    Tula's International School Dehradun Boarding School Fee structure

    Tula's International School Top Girls Boarding School India

    Tula's International School Best Boarding School Dehradun

    Tula's International School Boarding Schools in Dehradun

    Tula's International School Best Boarding School in Dehradun

    Tula's International School Top Boarding Schools in Dehradun

    Tula's Institute Best BCA College in Dehradun

    Tula's Institute Best MCA College in Dehradun

    Tula's Institute Best Boarding School In India

    ReplyDelete
  4. You have good articles here! If anyone here looking for loan @ 2% rate in return to buy home or other financing needs, I want you to contact Mr Benjamin On 247officedept@gmail.com Also On Whats-App + 1-989-394-3740When I was introduced to Mr. Benjamin, I was entering the market as a first time buyer. Naturally,my needs were a bit different and I had loads of questions. Before he sent me my pre-approval letter, he called to speak with me about what it meant and what could change. He made himself available to me at pretty much any hour via email and texts. He was very responsive and knowledgeable. He’s also very straightforward. I explained to him what my expectations were in terms of closing time and other particulars. He said he would meet those expectations but he surpassed them. I closed so quickly my realtor and the seller of course were excited about that. But as a buyer I appreciated being walked through the process of Mr Benjamin loan offer. From pre-approval to closing- the journey was so seamless and I consider myself lucky because I’ve heard horror stories. I recommend him to anyone looking for a loan. Everything was handled electronically expediently and securely   

    ReplyDelete
  5. Thanks for sharing this post and visit my articles Jawline Contouring in Islamabad

    ReplyDelete
  6. The business will provide you vouchers redeemable for free doughnuts at Dunkin' in return for your time and comments.
    visit here Telldunkin Survey

    ReplyDelete
  7. So if you've visited a Red Lobster, and the state's ruling class is pleased with or unhappy with the assistance decided by Red Lobster,
    visit here Redlobstersurvey Survey

    ReplyDelete
  8. Furthermore, offers you a gradual method to win a certificate for a Buy One Get One Free grinder.

    visit here Myhoneybakedfeedback Survey

    ReplyDelete
  9. McDVOICE You must first visit the restaurant's official website, mcdvoice.com, in order to do the survey; after that, click the start button. Visit Here McDVOICE Survey

    ReplyDelete
  10. Homedepot.com/Survey One participant will get a $5,000 gift card as part of the programme. Please ensure that the form is completed. Visit here Homedepot.com/Survey

    ReplyDelete
  11. Netspend.com/activate The customer service representative needs your credit card number, password, and any other sensitive information. Visit here Netspend.com/activate

    ReplyDelete
  12. Tellthebell.com Taco Bell is one of the most popular restaurants in the world and is loved by many people. Visit here Tellthebell.com Survey

    ReplyDelete
  13. Home Depot Survey If you are a consistent customer of Home Depot, you might think about submitting feedback. Visit here Home Depot Survey

    ReplyDelete
  14. Home Depot Survey Giving an open and sincere reaction would help the store resolve its business-related store issues. Visit here Home Depot Survey

    ReplyDelete
  15. Jacklistens As a result of the development of new technology, this company has switched over to using electronic document management systems. Click Here Jacklistens Survey

    ReplyDelete
  16. For their visitors to provide feedback on management and merchandise, KFC prepared a survey. You can tell them about your meal experience at KFC Survey India if you have a valid purchase receipt from KFC in India.
    Visit Here Mykfcexperience survey

    ReplyDelete
  17. Jacklistens So they made a JackListens poll to gauge people's reactions to the journey thus far. Visit here Jacklistens Survey

    ReplyDelete
  18. Jacklistens Jack in the Box is committed to creating enduring connections with its clients. Visit here Jacklistens Survey

    ReplyDelete
  19. It began in North Corbin in the year 1930. Fried chicken, chicken grinders, soft drinks, hamburgers, sandwiches with chicken, milkshakes, salads, and cookies, as well as the fabled KFC menu items, are available to customers.

    Visit here MyKFCExperience Survey

    ReplyDelete
  20. Online Entry: You must have a Walgreens purchase receipt with a survey invitation to enter online. The Walgreens customer survey must be finished within nine days of the purchase date.
    WalgreensListens

    ReplyDelete
  21. Before making a purchase, customers must activate their. You must validate the data on the front of your SYW card in order to activate the card. Activate.SYW.AccountOnline.com

    ReplyDelete
  22. How to activate your new Capital One credit card is covered in this article. www.walmart.capitalone.com/activate

    ReplyDelete
  23. The survey revealed the presence of abandoned towns and structures that evoke a
    https://longhornsurvey.shop/

    ReplyDelete
  24. Having originated in the South, they have now extended their Southern hospitality throughout the United States, giving people all over the country a small taste of home. Click Here BojanglesListens

    ReplyDelete
  25. This easy feedback procedure offers you the opportunity to win some thrilling rewards while also assisting Capriotti's in understanding your experiences. Click Here TellCapriottis

    ReplyDelete

ESTIMATING

  ESTIMATING   What is an Estimate?       Before starting any work for it’s execution the owner or client or builder or contractor shoul...