What is leveling
Leaving is the process to determining the relative vertical distances of different points on the surface of field or earth.
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ESTIMATING
ESTIMATING What is an Estimate? Before starting any work for it’s execution the owner or client or builder or contractor shoul...
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RECIPROCAL LEVELLING We have found by the principle of equalizing backsight and foresight distances that if the level is pla... -
METHODS OF CALCULATION OF REDUCE LEVEL The following are two systems of calculating reduce level: [1]. The collimation systems or ... -
Offset The lateral measurement taken from an object to the chain line is known as ‘offset’. Offsets are taken to locate objects with ref...
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