What is surveying
Surveying is the process to determining the relative positions of different objects on the surface of the field or earth by measuring the horizontal distances between them, and by plotting or preparing a map to any suitable scale.
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ESTIMATING
ESTIMATING What is an Estimate? Before starting any work for it’s execution the owner or client or builder or contractor shoul...
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Offset The lateral measurement taken from an object to the chain line is known as ‘offset’. Offsets are taken to locate objects with ref... -
METHODS OF CALCULATION OF REDUCE LEVEL The following are two systems of calculating reduce level: [1]. The collimation systems or ... -
RECIPROCAL LEVELLING We have found by the principle of equalizing backsight and foresight distances that if the level is pla...
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